The Prior Art

Microsoft Joins Article One's New Preemptive Troll-Fighting Service

By Andrew Goldberg

Article One Partners, a New York-based startup that crowdsources the search for prior art by rewarding researchers who find evidence that can be used to invalidate questionable patents, announced last week that Microsoft Corporation has signed on to its latest initiative to thwart patent suits by non-practicing entities (NPEs).

 The new service, called Litigation Avoidance, is designed to help companies target poor quality patents before find themselves contending with them in court as a result of litigation launched by NPEs, which are often perjoratively as patent trolls. Previously, Article One and its global network of scientists and technologists focused on assisting companies once they'd already been sued.

Microsoft, the first official member of the new preemptive patent protection program, will pay Article One an undisclosed fee to participate in Litigation Avoidance.

"NPEs continue to actively target large technology companies and often with portfolios of questionable quality,” said Bart Eppenauer, Chief Patent Counsel at Microsoft, in a statement. “Litigation Avoidance gives businesses another tool to address patent quality issues prior to litigation to reduce risk and potential litigation cost.”

The software giant is a frequent target of trolls. For instance, Eolas, a patent-holding company, won a $521 million jury verdict against Microsoft in a 2003 patent suit over Internet Explorer plug-ins, before the case was remanded and the parties reached an out-of-court settlement. Last year, NTP, which extracted a $612 million settlement from Research in Motion, targeted Microsoft in another patent infringement suit. That suit has been stayed until the Patent and Trademark Office resolves the validity of the smartphone patents at issue. 

According to reporting by Reuters’ Alison Frankel, Article One will select the patents that it chooses to study in one of two ways: In one scenario, member companies can request ten specific studies of patents. In the other, Article One--based on its own analysis of when the certain patents were acquired, which NPEs purchased them, and how likely they are to be asserted--will decide which patents to ask its network of purportedly more than 1 million researchers to investigate.

Article One’s crowdsourcing initiative is one of several new business models aimed at neutralizing NPEs at a time when companies are exploring various ways to shore up their patent defense capabilities. RPX Corporation-- a self-styled defensive patent aggregator that caters to companies concerned about becoming troll targets--went public last month. RPX  buys up patents to keep them away from NPEs, then licenses them to clients for an annual subscription fee. Microsoft is also an RPX customer.

Article One, a privately held company which won the Silicon Alley Insider 2009 Best Startup contest, has raised more than $8 million in venture funding. So far, it has paid out more than $1.3 million to members of its patent research community in individual awards of $5,000 to $50,000.

The company's crowdsourcing initiative isn't the first of its kind in the patent realm. For instance, the PTO, in cooperation with New York Law School’s Peer to Patent project, has even launched its own modest, one-year pilot initiative to crowdsource the search for prior art that might not otherwise be found during the patent examination process.

Eben Moglen on Bilski, software patents, and big pharma

This interview is part of a series following the Supreme Court's Bilski decision, which left the laws on what you can get a patent on largely as they are, after a four-justice minority failed to ban "business method" patents.

Columbia Law School professor Eben Moglen heads the Software Freedom Law Center (SFLC) and wrote the group's amicus brief in Kappos v. Bilski. [PDF]

Moglen's position on the subject of software patents—that they should be banned—is, to say the least, outside the mainstream in legal circles. It has, however, garnered support among software developers and other techies, especially those who work in the world of open-source and free software.

Moglen's critique of the patent system extends well beyond the software issues he writes about, however. He suggests, for instance, that the 20-year monopoly granted by a patent is the product of a bygone era. And though he rejects the notion that he is "anti-patent," he says that the patent monopoly grant should be subject to a rigorous cost-benefit analysis, not simply handed out at the "monopoly window" that he believes the current Patent and Trademark Office represents.

The Prior Art interviewed Moglen about his views on the Bilski decision, the future of software patents, and how patents affect innovation.

Q: What's your opinion of the Bilski decision?

The decision is one of those that clearly shows why it has come down on the last day of the term after being argued early. When you see a case like that come down, one of the things that occurs to you is that a majority has fallen apart. The justices agreed about less than they thought.

The Post-Bilski landscape: Why some tried, but failed, to ban "business method" patents

It’s not a stretch to say that many members of the patent bar were relieved when the U.S. Supreme Court finally issued its decision in Bilski v. Kappos late last month. Considering that plenty of those lawyers—and the clients they represent—feared an opinion that would severely restrict what kind of technology is worthy of patent protection. As it turns out, those fears were misplaced.

Almost as soon as the decision came down Monday, The Prior Art’s inbox was filling up with e-mails from lawyers and law firm publicists offering expert commentary on what it all meant. (By the end, the number of pitches had hit nearly 40). One e-mail, from Goodwin Procter’s Stephen Schreiner, contained a statement that typified the joyous tone of the patent bar’s broader reaction. Schreiner said the Court had “launched the United States Patent System into the Information Age with the Bilski v. Kappos decision today....Rejecting the chorus from some demanding the Patent System be limited to Industrial Age technology, the Court answered with a flat ‘no,’ finding patents are available for software, business methods, medical diagnostic techniques, and other products of the Information Age.”

But while Justice Anthony Kennedy’s controlling opinion may not do much to change the status quo when it comes to the patent system, the more interesting Bilski story is one of an important "almost"—an "almost" that by all indications was hard-fought.

Indeed, for some folks—including those who hoped the Court would use the case to limit what they see as a plague of spurious patent litigation—this has to be a particularly painful “almost.”

Patent Litigation Weekly: So What Do E.D. Texas Jurors Really Think?

This week: The Prior Art returns after its winter blogging break. As Microsoft gets set to scrap software found to infringe a Canadian company's software, The Prior Art discusses the case with three of the eight jurors whose verdict helped put the software giant in this predicament.

As of Monday—thanks to a permanent injunction issued in August by Judge Leonard Davis of the Eastern District of Texas and upheld last month by the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals—Microsoft Inc. must stop selling any version of Microsoft Word 2007 or Microsoft Office 2007 that includes a custom XML editor found to infringe a patent held by a small Canadian software company called i4i, Inc.

It’s not every day that such a well-known product has to be modified—or possibly removed from store shelves—because of a patent dispute. Indeed, the U.S. Supreme Court made getting such an injunction in a patent case extremely difficult with its landmark eBay v. MercExchange ruling in 2006.

Microsoft isn’t giving up the court fight over the patent at issue just yet. On Friday, the company’s legal team, led by Matthew Powers of Weil, Gotshal & Manges, filed a petition with the Federal Circuit asking for a rehearing en banc. Powers didn't return calls for this story. Earlier coverage on i4i's trial win, post-trial action, and Federal Circuit win is available from the AmLaw Litigation Daily.

Patent Litigation Weekly: Catching Up With Scott Harris

Scott Harris has been an inventor since he was 12. Later on, he became a lawyer. About two years ago, Harris’s name started popping up in patent lawsuits. Ultimately, his involvement in the patent-enforcement business caused him to split with his former partners at Fish & Richardson.

But Harris was not the first big-firm lawyer to get involved in patent enforcement for personal profit, and others are still plying the trade. Which raises a question: Was Harris’s mistake that he formed a “non-practicing entity” or that he failed to hire his firm to do the legal work?

In recent days, two holding companies have filed new lawsuits based on Harris' patents. One is Southwest Technology Innovations, which used the 6,952,719 patent, describing an anti-spam filter, to sue six technology companies with anti-spam products: five of the defendants are large, and one is a small three-person company based in Orange County. The '719 patent was used to sue Symantec back in December, by another holding company asserting Harris patents. That lawsuit was transferred from Chicago to San Francisco in March. Harris's lawyers from the Niro Scavone patent boutique moved to add new defendants to the suit, but their motion was denied last month; the '719 patent was then transferred over to a new holding company controlled by Harris, Southwest Technology Innovations, which filed its complaint on July 9 [Complaint, PDF].

A second lawsuit, filed against Fujitsu and Lenovo by Innovative Biometric Technology, asserts patent 7,134,016, which describes a biometric security systems for computers.

The Prior Art took the occasion of these new suits to catch up with Harris and find out what he’s up to these days.

Method Men? Handicapping Bilski at the Supreme Court

When the Federal Circuit issued the landmark Bilski decision, some folks were ready to call it the death of (most) business method patents, or even software patents—that view was a bit premature, because the law was still unsettled. Now, with the nation's top court now looking to take up the Bilski case, it's really unsettled.

Even if Sotomayor joins the court and is a strongly pro-patent judge, for those hoping for stronger limits on what can be patented, there are still ways to count to five. Several justices have, in other cases, dropped hints about what’s on their minds when it comes to the nation’s patent system.

The Court has taken four patent cases in recent years. Every time, the justices voted by a wide margin to limit the power of patents. The Federal Circuit’s Bilski decision [PDF] now at issue got rid of "pure" business method patents (without defining what they are), while signaling that lower courts should rein in patents in related areas such as software. The Federal Circuit did not, however, say how tightly to pull those reins.

In re Bilski and the future of business method patents

For both personal and professional reasons, my blog has been quiescent for a month now. But everyone is talking about yesterday's In re Bilski decision, and it's a good time to get back in the saddle.

So what exactly happened to the storied and controversial business method patent yesterday? It looks like the Federal Circuit has ruled that "pure" business method patents are out. But it's also clear that some types of business method patents are still acceptable, and most software patents will likely be fine.

At this point, I'm skeptical this decision will have much impact on the overall patent litigation scene, or even the more, ah, controversial corners of patent litigation that I'm most interested in.

Previously, to patent a process you needed to describe a "useful, tangible, and concrete" subject matter; now, you have to describe a process that's either 1) machine-implemented or 2) transforms some kind of matter. So, that is bad news for some plaintiffs with a certain kind of patent, and good news for defendants under attack by those patents. But which ones? Hard to say. And how many BM patents will survive? ... Some.

"Patents with either no ties to technology or very weak ties" are in danger, says Jim Myers, a patent litigator at Ropes & Gray. "A lot of those made it through in late 90s and early 2000s. They  simply used the word "Internet" or used the word "computer.'" For such patent-holders, "I can't think this decision would feel warm and fuzzy," he says.

Michael Barclay of Wilson Sonsini adds: "The controversy in business method patents has been exactly this: they've been claiming something that accountants do, or traders do, or banks do. It's a process flow of doing something in the regular course of business. No computer is required or necessary. Someone could be doing it on Microsoft Excel—or by hand on a piece of paper—and infringing a business method patent." Patents with little or no technical language are pretty common, Barclay noted, and may even make up a majority of business method patents.

Some patent claims do seem clearly threatened by the Bilski decision. For example, take claims on a method of legal arbitration, like those described in the Comiskey case, or the "pure business method" claims pondered by Scott Harris and his friends in late-night brainstorms (see In re Ferguson). But claims like that were already in danger, already living on the controversial edge of patentability.

So the court's majority created a new test, but declined to give much indication at all of the new test's parameters. Is the mere mention, (or "recitation" as the patent lawyers say) of a computer enough to save your patent? Maybe, maybe not. The court's majority refused to clarify that point, saying only: "We leave to future cases the elaboration of the precise contours of machine implementation, as well as the answers to particular questions, such as whether or when recitation of a computer suffices to tie a process claim to a particular machine." I wouldn't be surprised if that non-statement ends up being the most-quoted sentence of this 132-page decision.

The court punted on this issue, noting that it may "refine or augment" the machine-or-transformation test in the future. Such a narrow decision suggests an even narrower goal: simply avoiding another rebuke from the Supreme Court, in the wake of four such smackdowns in the past few years, all limiting the power of patents. (Those would be eBay v. MercExchange, KSR v. Teleflex, Microsoft v. AT&T, and MedImmune v. Genentech.)

That's not to say the decision is insignificant. But any decision that the Federal Circuit makes en banc is bound to be significant one way or the other. (Consider what we'd be writing today if the court had done nothing to the State Street test, a position advocated by Judge Newman in her dissent. Arguably, that would have been more surprising and newsworthy than what we have before us today.)

"It's a huge issue, but it's not a huge decision," says John Dragseth of Fish & Richardson. "They played it fairly down the middle… The patent office was already shutting down these pure business method patents." He expects some software claims will need to be re-written, but with only slight modifications. Only half-joking, Dragseth suggested that "B.S. patents" are going to make it, while the "B.A. patents" will be thrown out: "Patents by people with liberal arts degrees are all invalid!" That's a funny line, but it actually cuts close to the real situation. The Federal Circuit isn't doing much more than insisting that patents include more technical language, without much guidance as to how much or what to include.

The vagueness of the decision will allow patent maximalists to spin away any real consequences of Bilski and preserve the profits that flow through their slice of the "patent community." It's already happening. Thursday evening, the patent consultants/auctioneers at Ocean Tomo sent out a media email announcing "Bilski Decision Unlikely to Alter Business Method Patents Value." Handy that—especially since Ocean Tomo has sold a heap of such patents at its auctions, the most recent one just this week. On a conference call quickly arranged for the media by pro-business-method-patent group New Economy Patents, speakers downplayed the significance of the decision.

"I think many, indeed most, or almost all, of the things that are used in real-world modern business are put on computers and machines and are intimately related with electronics and computer technology," said George Washington University Prof. John Duffy. "I don’t think this is very much of a limitation."

Duffy stressed that the patent at issue in State Street, the 1998 decision that gave the OK to software and business method patents, would be fine and dandy under the new test—it's just the test itself that changed. The court maintained the "core holding" of State Street, said Duffy, merely changing the "verbal formulation" required. (And the number of BM patents that will still be strong?—Many! Most! Almost all!)

Call participants included IP chiefs at two other stridently pro-BM-patent companies: Accenture (which sponsors the New Economy Patents group) and Goldman Sachs. They said the Bilski decision wouldn't hurt their patent strategy at all. AIPLA chief and former PTO director Todd Dickinson chimed in: "This helps [companies] like Accenture and Goldman Sachs, who take a lot of care in how they write their applications, and know what their invention is."

When I asked what kind of patents would be thrown out by this decision, Dickinson answered: "Patents like Bilski's."

These are dedicated patentists rushing to protect their portfolios from even the suggestion of Bilski-inspired erosion—it's spin of the "our patents good, their patents bad" variety. But it might end up being prescient spin. The damage will probably spread a bit farther than Bernard Bilski's poor little patent... but perhaps not much.

I suppose Mr. Bilski's company, now run by his old partner Rand Warsaw, will have to keep making its money the old-fashioned way: allegedly, by helping power companies overcharge consumers with dubious billing schemes.

For more Bilski coverage see The Recorder, Legal Times, AmLaw Daily, BusinessWeek, WSJ, AP, Bloomberg, Techdirt, Patently-O, and Peter Zura. In a future post I'll take a look at the most interesting part of this decision: the dissents.

Photo: Flickr / Smabs Sputzer

What I don't get about in re Bilski: Why do any financial companies support business method patents?

What I don't get about the in re Bilski case argued Thursday at the Federal Circuit is this—why is there any division at all within the financial sector? The lines are a lot fuzzier than, say, the patent reform battle in D.C., which was Big Tech v. Big Pharma but became Big Tech v. Big Pharma et al.

But why would Goldman Sachs, see recent Economist, or any other financial services business, support business method patents? Or American Express and Accenture, as Mike Masnick notes? Seems like they all stand to lose much more than they gain from patent licensing and litigation, with the threat of another non-practicing entity like DataTreasury. From an industry-wide perspective, the relatively recent arms race doesn't make sense. (and of course the big banking industry trade group came out critical of State Street). So why would any (profitable) financial company be opposed to rolling back the 1998 State Street decision that allowed business method patents?

Are there some banks that have amassed giant arsenals—the Microsoft(s) of the banking world? (Microsoft had less than a dozen patents before the 1998 State Street decision, and now has thousands, according to a former IPLB reporter who was inside the Microsoft war room a year ago.)

Is there a giant settlement, or license agreement, or some other indicator of corporate behavior that would indicate why a particular financial company has a pro-BM patent standpoint? Who are the winners and losers of the first 10 years of biz-meth patent war? Who were the aggressors, the victims? I haven't been in the patents game long enough to know, but I'd sure be interested to talk to some lawyers or bank employees or anyone who thinks they know the real story of the stance of any particular company that has a Bilski amicus brief (like maybe the one they work for.) Litigation, licensing, everything. Let's start collecting the data.

On today's oral arguments, there's legal-geek commentary from an eyewitness here (via 271 blog, with more Bilski argument links). My own article on Bilski (with extras here) focused on issues outside the legal arguments entirely, but I still like linking to it and it has a cool picture.

PTT update: Long day closing our June issue delayed today's fourth post in my four-part series on the lawsuits against and subpoena of lawyer-blogger (and, perhaps, reporter) Patent Troll Tracker. I need a real weekend but that one is coming early next week.

(download Bilski oral arguments on the Fed. Circuit site)

Oral arguments for In re Bilski; Patent Office will appeal Tafas v. Dudas

Patent news for May 8, 2008.

• Tafas v. Dudas will be appealed: When the Patent Office tried to put some limits on how many times patent applicants can come back wielding continuation applications, and how many claims can be put in a single patent, a large chunk of the patent bar revolted. Big pharma led a counterstrike, sued to stop the new PTO rules from taking effect, and won. Now the PTO has said they will appeal. Is it true that "USPTO = gluttons for punishment," as one commentator opined at Patently-O?

The battle lines here are similar to the patent reform debate: tech companies say the patents are needed to prevent abuses like the Lemelson “submarine patents,” which remained hidden  for decades and then were used to sue more or less the whole economy.

• Last but certainly not least, the Federal Circuit will hear arguments today in In Re Bilski, a potentially landmark patent case where a small Pennsylvania “financial engineering” company founded by Rand Warsaw and Bernard L. Bilski is trying to get a wide-ranging patent on hedging weather risk. Warsaw and Bilski have been accused of ripping off consumers by state authorities in Minnesota, as I reported last month. Looking forward to hearing the oral arguments.

Bilski amicus briefs are collected at Patently-O.
A critical history of software and business method patents from Mike Masnick at Techdirt.  

Behind Bilski: State A-G says Bilski's inventions were a raw deal for consumers

Illustration from the IP Law & Business print edition, courtesy Matt Faulkner.

What kind of business methods can become "property?" Patent lawyers will fight that one out in May at the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Amicus briefs are due shortly: over the next week, we can expect a barrage of legal briefs regarding In re Bilski; or more completely, In re Bernard L. Bilski and Rand A. Warsaw. The patent case is likely to have a big impact on business method and software patents; the case is being closely watched by the patent bar and has garnered some mainstream press coverage as well.

A very different debate over business methods and intellectual property is going on in St. Paul, Minnesota, but Bilski and his co-inventor Warsaw are at the heart of that one, too. Investigators at the Minnesota Attorney General's office say that WeatherWise USA, the company they co-founded in 1996, devised billing programs that helped two local energy companies dodge state regulators and overcharge consumers by $33 million.

The full story is published in the April issue of IP Law & Business.

On this blog, I'll write a few "Behind Bilski" posts to take a more in-depth look at the people and organizations that have a stake in the Bilski case.

Today: The view from Minnesota, and that state's connection to WeatherWise.

In February 2007, Minnesota Attorney General Lori Swanson filed a complaint at the state's Public Utilities Commission against Xcel Energy and CenterPoint Energy, which both have contracts with WeatherWise to provide fixed-price billing programs for natural gas customers. (OAG Complaint)

State attorneys say WeatherWise set the rates in both programs, severely overcharging consumers through programs that were marketed and promoted in a misleading way. One customer saw her gas bill jump from 79 cents to $4.18 per day after joining Xcel's program, and wasn't allowed to cancel; an 88-year-old fixed income Xcel customer had a July gas bill of $221, or $7.13 per day, and wasn't allowed to get out of the program until "after she passed away. (see OAG complaint, pgs. 4-7)

According to the PUC, WeatherWise provided marketing assistance to both companies, helping to set up the call centers that enrolled customers and assisting with promotional materials. However, WeatherWise is not a named party in the PUC complaint; state utility regulators have no authority over them.

Lawyers at Attorney General Swanson's office declined to comment on the ongoing investigation. In October, Xcel Energy was ordered to hand over tape recordings of conversations between fixed-bill customers and a call center apparently operated by "WeatherWise or its agents." (OAG 8/21/07 comments, p. 14)

The energy companies are admittedly ignorant about WeatherWise's methodology, which the company keeps secret. “The Commission should not permit the underlying mechanisms of these programs to remain shrouded in secrecy," wrote Swanson. "If the programs cannot be operated with transparency, they should not operate at all.” (OAG Complaint, p. 14)

According to the A-G's complaint:

• CenterPoint Energy first contracted with WeatherWise in 2001, when Bernard Bilski was still CEO. (he left the company in 2003, when Rand Warsaw took over). In 2005-06, customers in CPE's “No Surprises Bill” program paid an average of $296 more than they would have under standard billing.
• Xcel Energy ran a WeatherWise program for only one year, fiscal 2005-06. Xcel customers whose rates were set by WeatherWise paid an average of $682.76 more than they would have otherwise.

The $26 million over-charge cited in the original complaint didn't include Xcel's overcharge of about $7 million; hence the $33 million total. (PUC Staff brief, May 2007)

The PUC ordered the programs shut down in July. (PUC order, 7/16/07)

WeatherWise CEO Rand Warsaw says the high charges were the result of a streak of mild weather, and the company has done nothing wrong. Energy company clients are able to audit WeatherWise’s data, and they’ve handed over everything the A-G has asked for. “Every dime of our transactions are accountable and explainable by weather and price,” he told me in a recent interview.  “All of this has been explained in Minnesota. There is no data that we have not made available.”

Warsaw wrote to the PUC chairman in July 2007 promising cooperation, but did worry that “any disclosure of our methods or modeling information to the public could diminish some or all of the value of our intellectual property.” (Warsaw's letter)

State attorneys saw it differently. Swanson said WeatherWise “knew full well it was a focus of the investigation, [and] a major reason for delay, and that the OAG would be in contact with WeatherWise to receive more data.” (Footnote, pgs. 6-7, A-G's 8/21/07 comments)

Consumer advocates say letting an out-of-state private company set rates allowed energy companies to profit while dodging state regulators.

“It really made rate-making a secret process for this little group of people,” said Chris Duffrin, Assistant Director of Minnesota’s Energy CENTS Coalition. “WeatherWise sets an inflated amount of usage, to make sure that the gas company doesn’t lose money. It’s a premium program, but they don’t really market it that way—that’s part of the problem.”

The Public Utilities Commission meets this Thursday, April 3, to review the status of the investigations.

More on the case:

• Minnesota case dockets, search for docket numbers CI-07-541 and CI-07-542
• Pittsburgh's Webb Law Firm, representing Bilski, has a page with the relevant briefs
• The Board of Patent Appeals 2006 rejection of the Bilski application
• WeatherWise does hold one patent, on their EnerCheck conservation system
• Bilski, Warsaw, and four other WeatherWise employees are named as inventors on two other pending patent applications related to "capped billing" systems; one filed in 2002 and the other in 2003.